ADVANCEMENTS IN www: Web 1.0, Web 2.0 &Web 3.0
Introduction
Ø The World Wide Web (commonly known as the web) is the
most prominent part of the internet .It is defined as a techno-social system to
interact with humans based on technological networks.
Ø Much progress has been made about the web and related technologies
in the past two decades.
Ø Three generation of the web, since the advent of the web
has so far been introduced .
Ø Based on an analytical distinction they are:
(i) Web 1.0 was introduced as a tool for thought.
(ii) web 2.0 as a medium for communication between humans
(iii) web 3.0 as networked digital technology to support
co-operation of humans.
Note: web 4.0 as a web
of integration (under development- details not completely known)
History
·
In 1989, Tim Burners-Lee
suggested creating a global hypertext space in which any network accessible
information would be referred to by a single Universal Document Identifier
(UDI) leading to web 1.0
·
The term web 2.0 was
officially defined in 2004 by Dale Dougherty, vice-president of O’Reilly Media,
in a conference brainstorming session between O'Reilly and MediaLive
International.
·
John Markoff of the New
York Times suggested web 3.0 as third generation of the web in 2006. A new
Semantic web was thought up by Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web.
Characteristics of web
Web 1.0
-
The dream behind the web
was to create a common information space in which people communicate by sharing
information.
1. Web 1.0 was mainly a read-only web.
2. Web 1.0 was static and somewhat mono-directional.
3. Businesses could provide catalogs or brochures to present
their productions using the web and people could read them and contacted with
the businesses.
4. The websites included static HTML (hyper text markup
language) pages that updated infrequently.
5. The main goal of the websites was to publish the
information for anyone at any time and establish an online presence.
6. The websites were not interactive and indeed were as
brochure-ware.
7. Users and visitors of the websites could only visit the
sites without any impacts or contributions and linking structure was too weak.
8. Core protocols of web 1.0 were
·
HTTP(Hyper Text transfer
Protocol)
·
HTML(Hyper Text Markup
Language)
·
URI(Uniform Resource
Identifier)
Web 2.0
- Tim O’Reilly defines web 2.0 on his website as follows:
“Web 2.0 is the business
revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as
platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.
Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects
to get better the more people use them.”
1. Web 2.0 is also known the wisdom web.
2. People-Centric Web.
3. Participative Web.
4. Mainly a Read-write web.
5. With reading as well as writing, the web could become
bi-directional.
6. Web 2.0 is a web as a platform where users can leave many
of the controls they have be used to in web 1.0.
7. The users of web 2.0 have more interaction with less
control.
8. Flexible web design, creative reuse, updates,
collaborative content creation and modification were facilitated.
9. One of outstanding features of web 2.0 is to support
collaboration and to help gather collective intelligence.
- The main technologies and services of web 2.0 are
included:
1. Blogs- The term
weblog (or blog) was proposed by Jorn Barger in 1997. The blog is included the
web pages called posts which published chronologically with the most recent
first, in journal style.
o
Visitors of the blogs
can add a comment below a blog entry.
o
Most blogs are textual
and but there are other sorts such as photoblogs or photologs, videoblogs or
vlogs and podcasts
o
Posts of blogs can be
tagged with keywords in order to categorize the subjects of the posts. For
instance when the post becomes old, it can be filed into a standard, theme
based menu system.
o
Linking is another
important aspect of blogging. Linking deepens on the conversational nature of
the blogosphere and its sense of immediacy and helps to facilitate retrieval
and to reference information on different blogs.
2. Really Simple Syndication - RSS is a family of web feed formats used for
syndicating content from blogs or web pages.
·
RSS is an XML file that
summarizes information items and links to the information sources.
·
Using RSS, users are
informed of updates of the blogs or web sites which they’re interested in.
·
Atom is another
syndication specification aimed at resolving issues of multiple incompatible
RSS versions.
3. Wikis- A wiki is
a web page (or set of web pages) that can be easily edited by anyone who is
allowed access.
Ø Unlike blogs, previous versions of wikis can be examined
by a history function and can be restored by a rollback function.
Ø Wiki features are included:
o
wiki markup language.
o
simple site structure
and navigation.
o
simple template,
supporting of multiple users.
o
built-in search feature
and simple workflow.
4. Mashups- Web mashup is a web page (or web site) that combines information and services
from multiple sources on the web.
o
Mashups can be grouped
into seven categories:
Ø mapping
Ø search
Ø mobile
Ø messaging
Ø sports
Ø shopping
Ø movies
o
More than 40 percent of
mashups are mapping mashups.
o
It is easier and quicker
to create mashups than to code applications from scratch in traditional ways.
o
This capability is one
of most valuable features of web 2.0.
o
Mashups are generally
created using application programming interfaces.
- Several development tools are available to create blogs,
wikis, mashups, and social networks.
-
These tools, such as
mashup tools, wiki engines, blog software, make adoption of web 2.0 easier, quicker,
and cheaper.
-
Developers use three
basic development approaches to create applications of web 2.0
o
Asynchronous JavaScript
and XML (AJAX)
o
Flex
o
The Google Web Toolkit
Web 3.0
-
The basic idea of web
3.0 is to define structure data and link them in order to more effective discovery,
automation, integration, and reuse across various applications
-
Web 3.0 tries to link, integrate,
and analyze data from various data sets to obtain new information stream
-
It is able to improve
·
data management
·
support accessibility of
mobile internet
·
simulate creativity and innovation
·
encourage factor of
globalization phenomena
·
enhance customers’
satisfaction
·
help to organize
collaboration in social web
1. Web 3.0 is also known as semantic web.
2. There is a dedicated team at the World Wide Web
consortium(W3C) working to improve, extend and standardize the system,
languages, publications and tools have already been developed .
3. Semantic web is a web that can demonstrate things in the
approach which computer can understand.
4. The main important purpose of semantic web is to make the
web readable by machines and not only by humans.
5. The current web is a web of documents, in some ways like
a global file system . Semantic web is developed to overcome the problems of
current web.
6. Semantic Web can be defined a web of data, in some ways
like a global database .The aim of design web of data is machines first, humans
later.
-
Tim Berners-Lee proposed
a layered architecture for semantic web that often represented using a diagram,
with many variations.
-
The layers of the
semantic web architecture are briefly described as follows:
1) Unicode and URI: Unicode is used to represent of any character uniquely.
Ø Whatever this character was written by any language and
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) are unique identifiers for resources of all
types.
Ø The functionality of Unicode and URI could be described
as the provision of a unique identification mechanism within the language stack
for the semantic web.
2) Extensible Markup Language: XML and its related standards, such as namespaces (NS),
and schemas are used to form a common means to structure data on the web
without any communication between the meanings of the data.
Ø NS is used to identify and distinguish different XML elements
of different vocabularies.
Ø It supports mixing of different elements from various
vocabularies to do a specific function.
Ø XML schema assures that the received information is
according to the sent information when two applications at this level exchange
information with together.
3) Resource Description Framework: RDF is a simple data model that uses URIs to identify web-based
resources and describes relationships between the resources in terms of named
properties and values.
Ø Generally, the RDF family supports interoperability at
the semantic level.
Ø RDF developments consist of the base web language, so
that agents are able to make logical inferences to perform functions based on
metadata.
4) RDF Schema: provides a predefined, basic type system for RDF models.
Ø It describes classes and properties of the resources in
the basic RDF model. RDF Schema provides a simple reasoning framework to infer
types of resources.
5) Ontology: The ontology layer described properties and the relation between
properties and different.
Ø Ontology can be defined as a collection of terms used to
describe a specific domain with the ability of inference.
6) Logic and Proof: This layer is on top of the ontology structure to make new inferences by an
automatic reasoning system.
Ø The agents are able to make deductions as to whether particular
resources satisfy their requirements by using such the reasoning systems.
7) Trust: The last
layer of the stack addresses trust in order to provide an assurance of quality
of the information on the web and a degree of confidence in the resource providing
this information.
-
Semantic web is not
limited to publish data on the web; it is about making links to connect related
data.
-
Berners-Lee introduced a
set of rules have become known as the Linked Data principles to publish and connect
data on the web in 2007:
1. Use URIs as names for things.
2. Use HTTP URIs to look up those name.
3. Provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL) by look up
a URI
4. Include links to other URIs to discover more things
-
Data providers can add
their data to a single global data space by publishing data on the web according
to the Linked Data principles.
Comparison of web 1.0 and web 2.0
Web 1.0
|
Web 2.0
|
Reading
|
Reading/Writing
|
Companies
|
Communities
|
Client-Server
|
Peer to Peer
|
HTML, Portals
|
XML, RSS
|
Taxonomy
|
Tags
|
Owning
|
Sharing
|
IPOs
|
Trade sales
|
Netscape
|
Google
|
Web forms
|
Web applications
|
Screen scraping
|
APIs
|
Dialup
|
Broadband
|
Hardware costs
|
Bandwidth costs
|
Lectures
|
Conversation
|
Advertising
|
Word of mouth
|
Services sold over the web
|
Web services
|
Information portals
|
Platforms
|
Comparison of web 2.0 and web 3.0
Web 2.0
|
Web 3.0
|
Read/Write Web
|
Portable Personal Web
|
Communities
|
Individuals
|
Sharing Content
|
Consolidating Dynamic Content
|
Blogs
|
Lifestream
|
AJAX
|
RDF
|
Wikipedia, Google
|
Dbpedia, igoogle
|
Tagging
|
User engagement
|
Future prospect of web
Web 4.0
-
Web 4.0 is also known as
symbiotic web.
1) The dream behind of the symbiotic web is interaction
between humans and machines in symbiosis.
2) It will be possible to build more powerful interfaces
such as mind controlled interfaces using web 4.0. machines would be clever on
reading the contents of the web, and react in the form of executing and deciding
what to execute first
3) To load the websites fast with superior quality and
performance and build more commanding interfaces.
Conclusion
Ø It is concluded that web as an information space has had
much progress since 1989
Ø Web is moving toward using artificial intelligent
techniques to be as a massive web of highly intelligent interactions in close
future.
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